Physical Geography of Bangladesh
Nestled in the intricate folds of
South Asian terrain, the nation of Bangladesh unfolds its geographical tapestry
with a complexity that defies simplistic categorization. An amalgamation of
intricate patterns and diverse terrains marks its physical landscape, a
captivating spectacle shaped by the meandering dance of rivers and the
undulating contours of hill ranges. Located along the northern Bay of Bengal
littoral, this densely populated country boasts a coastline spanning 580
kilometers (360 miles) and reveals a geographical tableau dominated by the
delta plains of the Ganges (Padma), Brahmaputra (Jamuna), and Meghna Rivers.
Map of Bangladesh
The relentless interplay of
low-lying expanses, elevated blocks, and steep hill ranges unveils a
topographical mosaic that challenges conventional expectations. The Madhupur
and Barind Tracts, as uplifted blocks, stake their claim on 9% of the
territory, adding an unexpected dimension to Bangladesh's physical composition.
In the southeast, the grandeur of hill ranges ascending to approximately 1,000
meters (3,300 feet) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, constituting 12% of the
country's land, introduces a vertical complexity to the landscape.
The physical dimensions of
Bangladesh, extending over 148,460 square kilometers (57,320 sq mi), present a
sprawling canvas. The land shares substantial borders with India, spanning
4,095 kilometers (2,545 mi) to the west, north, and east, and a shorter but no
less significant land and water frontier of 193 kilometers (120 mi) with Myanmar
in the southeast. To the south, the coastline meanders irregularly for about
580 kilometers (360 mi), a fragmented expanse marked by numerous rivers and
streams flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh's territorial waters,
stretching 12 nautical miles (22 km), and the exclusive economic zone,
extending a vast 200 nautical miles (370 km), further amplify its maritime
significance.
Approximately 80% of the landmass
comprises the fertile alluvial lowland, aptly named the Bangladesh Plain,
nestled within the expansive Plain of Bengal, often referred to as the Lower
Gangetic Plain. Altitudes fluctuate modestly, from peaks reaching 105 meters
(344 ft) above sea level in the north to a gradual descent to near sea level in
the coastal south. Water, an omnipresent element, asserts its dominance over
the landscape, with around 10,000 square kilometers (3,900 sq mi) submerged and
extensive flooding during the monsoon season adding an unpredictable element to
the environmental narrative.
Diverging from the prevailing low
elevations, exceptions emerge in the southeast with the Chittagong Hills, the
northeast with the Low Hills of Sylhet, and the north and northwest boasting
highlands. The Chittagong Hills, a distinctive hill system representing the
western edge of the north–south mountain ranges connecting Myanmar and eastern
India, rise sharply to narrow ridgelines. Altitudes here range from 600 to 900
meters (2,000 to 3,000 ft) above sea level, with the highest elevation at Saka
Haphong standing at an impressive 1,052 meters (3,451 ft).
Land use in Bangladesh, a
testament to its agricultural prowess, unfolds with about 67% of nonurban land
classified as arable. Permanent crops claim a mere 2%, while meadows and
pastures cover 4%, and forests and woodlands extend over approximately 16%. The
rich resource base includes quality timber, bamboo, and sugarcane, each
contributing to the intricate tapestry of Bangladesh's economic and ecological
diversity. Bamboo, in particular, flourishes across the nation, while high-quality
timber finds its haven predominantly in the highland valleys. The 1980s saw the
initiation of rubber planting in hilly regions, ushering in the extraction of
rubber by the end of the decade. The diverse ecosystems, notably the Sundarbans
on the southwest coast, harbor a variety of wildlife, including the majestic
royal Bengal tiger, adding an unpredictable element to the nation's ecological
dynamics.
As the physical landscape
undergoes transformations, driven by the intensification of urbanization,
industrial expansion, and commercial growth, Bangladesh's topographical and
demographic contours experience a dynamic reshaping. Urban centers, Dhaka and
Comilla notably among them, emerge as densely settled hubs, creating a stark
contrast with the sparsely populated regions of the Sundarbans and the
Chittagong Hill Tracts.
The climatic tableau in
Bangladesh unfolds with nuanced complexity, characterized by a tropical monsoon
climate that traverses wide seasonal variations in rainfall, high temperatures,
and soaring humidity levels. Distinct regional variations further add to the
unpredictability, with the northern and southern regions experiencing divergent
climatic influences. The northern region encounters a monsoon-influenced humid
subtropical climate, adding another layer of variability to Bangladesh's
meteorological narrative. The Bangladesh Meteorological Department identifies
six seasons based on temperature, rainfall, and wind direction, ranging from a
mild winter to a hot and sunny summer or pre-monsoon season, followed by a wet
monsoon season and a pleasant autumn or post-monsoon period.
Summer temperatures, oscillating
between 38 and 41 °C (100.4 and 105.8 °F), reach their peak in April, emerging
as the hottest month. January, in stark contrast, brings cooler temperatures,
ranging from 16–20 °C (61–68 °F) during the day to around 10 °C (50 °F) at
night. The winds, too, undergo seasonal variations, with gentle north and
northwest winds prevailing in winter, escalating to violent thunderstorms,
known as northwesters, from March to May. The transition to the early summer
and late monsoon season ushers in southerly winds exceeding 160 kilometers per
hour (99.4 mph), causing waves as high as 6 meters (19.7 ft) in the Bay of
Bengal, leading to catastrophic flooding along the coast.
The climatic narrative, however,
extends beyond mere seasonal fluctuations. Heavy rainfall, an intrinsic facet
of Bangladesh's meteorological identity, fuels an annual flooding spectacle,
with the arid western region of Rajshahi being the only exception. Most parts
of the country receive over 2,300 mm (90.6 in) of rainfall per year, with the
Sylhet region, nestled at the foothills of the Himalayas, witnessing the
highest average precipitation. Monsoons, spurred by the convergence of low and
high-pressure areas, trigger torrents of rain, becoming both the lifeblood for
agriculture and the harbinger of floods.
Natural calamities, ranging from
cyclones and tornadoes to tidal bores, besiege the coastal regions,
particularly the expansive belt along the Bay of Bengal. The period from 1947
to 1988 witnessed 13 severe cyclones, leaving a trail of destruction in their
wake. Cyclones, such as the one in May 1985, with winds reaching 154 kilometers
per hour (95.7 mph) and waves towering at 4.
An Overview
Bangladesh is a South Asian country that has a diverse and complex physical geography. It is situated on the northern coast of the Bay of Bengal, surrounded by India and Myanmar. It is one of the most densely populated and low-lying countries in the world, with a large deltaic plain formed by three major rivers. It also has a small hilly region with ethnic diversity and a tropical monsoon climate with seasonal variations. In this article, we will explore the main features and characteristics of Bangladesh’s physical geography, such as:
Location and size
Deltaic plain and rivers
Hilly region and ethnic diversity
Tropical monsoon climate and seasons
Natural hazards and disasters
Location and Size
Bangladesh lies on the northern edge of the Bay of Bengal, bordered by India on three sides and Myanmar on the southeast. It has a coastline of about 580 kilometres (360 miles) and covers an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 square miles).1 It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with over 160 million people.2
Deltaic Plain and Rivers
Bangladesh is mostly a flat and low-lying country, formed by the delta of three major rivers: the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Meghna. These rivers originate from the Himalayas and carry huge amounts of sediment to the coastal plain, making it fertile and suitable for agriculture. About 80% of the country is less than 10 metres (33 feet) above sea level, and about 30% is submerged during the monsoon season.13 The Rivers also provide water, fish, and transportation for the people of Bangladesh.
Hilly Region and Ethnic Diversity
Bangladesh has a small hilly region in the southeast, known as the Chittagong Hill Tracts. This region has an elevation ranging from 30 to 1,000 metres (98 to 3,281 feet) and is covered with dense forests and diverse wildlife. It is also home to various ethnic groups, such as the Chakma, Marma, Tripura, and others, who have their own languages and cultures. They are different from the majority Bengali population of Bangladesh and have faced discrimination and conflict in the past.14
Tropical Monsoon Climate and Seasons
Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon climate, characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, and heavy rainfall. The average annual temperature is about 25°C (77°F), but it can vary from 12°C (54°F) in winter to 36°C (97°F) in summer. The average annual rainfall is about 2,300 millimetres (91 inches), but it can vary from 1,000 millimetres (39 inches) in the west to 5,000 millimetres (197 inches) in the northeast.1 the country has three main seasons: the dry season from November to February, the pre-monsoon season from March to May, and the monsoon season from June to October. The monsoon season brings most of the rainfall and causes flooding in many parts of the country.
Natural Hazards and Disasters
Bangladesh is prone to natural hazards and disasters, such as floods, cyclones, droughts, landslides, and earthquakes. Floods are the most common and devastating, affecting millions of people and damaging crops, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Cyclones are powerful storms that form over the Bay of Bengal and bring strong winds, heavy rains, and storm surges. Droughts occur in some parts of the country, especially in the northwest, where rainfall is low and irrigation is inadequate. Landslides occur in the hilly regions, especially during the monsoon, when the soil is saturated and unstable. Earthquakes occur due to the movement of tectonic plates under the region, and can cause damage and casualties.1
Bangladesh’s physical geography is a fascinating and complex topic. It has many challenges and opportunities for the people and the environment. By learning more about it, we can appreciate its beauty and diversity, and also understand its problems and solutions.
Bangladesh Landforms: A Guide to the Natural Features of the Country
Bangladesh is a country in South Asia that has a diverse and complex physical geography. It is mostly a low-lying deltaic plain, formed by the confluence of three major rivers: the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Meghna. It also has a small hilly region in the southeast, called the Chittagong Hill Tracts, where various ethnic groups live. Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon climate, with high temperatures, high humidity, and heavy rainfall. Bangladesh is prone to natural disasters, such as floods, cyclones, droughts, landslides, and earthquakes. In this article, we will explore the main landforms of Bangladesh, such as:
The deltaic plain and its rivers
The hilly region and its ethnic diversity
The coastal zone and its mangroves
The tectonic features and their impacts
The Deltaic Plain and Its Rivers
The deltaic plain is the dominant landform of Bangladesh, covering about 80% of the country’s area. It is formed by the deposition of sediments carried by the three major rivers and their tributaries from the Himalayas and other mountains. The deltaic plain is fertile and suitable for agriculture, especially rice cultivation. The deltaic plain is also rich in natural resources, such as natural gas, coal, and peat. The deltaic plain is divided into several regions, such as the Barind Tract, the Madhupur Tract, the Sylhet Basin, and the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta.1
The three major rivers of Bangladesh are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Meghna. They have different sources, courses, and characteristics, but they all converge in the south of the country and form the largest delta in the world. The Ganges originates from the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas and flows through India before entering Bangladesh. It is the longest and most sacred river in the country, and it provides water, fish, and transportation for millions of people. The Brahmaputra originates from the Chemayungdung Glacier in Tibet and flows through China, India, and Bangladesh. It is the widest and most powerful river in the country, and it carries a large amount of sediment and causes erosion and flooding. The Meghna originates from the Barak River in India and flows through Bangladesh. It is the largest and most voluminous river in the country, and it drains a large area of the eastern and central regions. The three rivers and their numerous branches create a complex network of waterways that connect different parts of the country.2
The Hilly Region and Its Ethnic Diversity
The hilly region is the smallest landform of Bangladesh, covering about 12% of the country’s area. It is located in the southeast, along the border with India and Myanmar. It consists of several parallel ranges of hills, such as the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the Mizo Hills, the Tripura Hills, and the Sylhet Hills. The hilly region has an elevation ranging from 30 to 1,000 metres (98 to 3,281 feet) and is covered with dense forests and diverse wildlife. The hilly region is also home to various ethnic groups, such as the Chakma, the Marma, the Tripura, and others, who have their own languages and cultures. They are different from the majority Bengali population of Bangladesh and have faced discrimination and conflict in the past.3
The Chittagong Hill Tracts are the largest and most prominent hills in Bangladesh. They cover about 10% of the country’s area and have an average elevation of 600 metres (2,000 feet). They are composed of sandstone, shale, and clay, and are cut by deep valleys and gorges. They are covered with semi-evergreen and evergreen tropical forests, with bamboo, teak, and rubber as the main trees. They are rich in biodiversity, with many species of birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. They are also rich in mineral resources, such as natural gas, coal, and limestone. The Chittagong Hill Tracts are inhabited by about 1.5 million people, belonging to 11 different ethnic groups, such as the Chakma, the Marma, the Tripura, and others. They practice different religions, such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, and animism. They have a history of resistance and autonomy, and have been involved in a long-standing conflict with the central government over land rights, political representation, and cultural identity.4
The Coastal Zone and Its Mangroves
The coastal zone is the landform that borders the Bay of Bengal, covering about 8% of the country’s area. It is a low-lying and irregular coastline, with many islands, estuaries, and creeks. It is influenced by the tides, the currents, and the storms of the bay. It is also affected by the freshwater inflow from the rivers and the saltwater intrusion from the sea. The coastal zone is fertile and productive, but also vulnerable and fragile. It supports a large population of fishermen, farmers, and traders, who depend on the resources and services of the coastal ecosystem. The coastal zone is also home to the largest mangrove forest in the world, the Sundarbans.
The Sundarbans are a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance. They cover about 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 square miles) of land and water in the southwestern part of the country, extending into India. They are composed of a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats, and islands, where mangrove trees grow. Mangroves are salt-tolerant plants that have adapted to the harsh conditions of the coastal environment. They provide many benefits, such as stabilizing the shoreline, reducing erosion, filtering pollutants, storing carbon, and enhancing biodiversity. The Sundarbans are home to many species of plants and animals, including the endangered Bengal tiger, the Irrawaddy dolphin, the saltwater crocodile, the king cobra, and the spotted deer. The Sundarbans are also important for the livelihoods and culture of the local people, who use the forest for fishing, honey collecting, wood cutting, and tourism. The Sundarbans are threatened by various factors, such as climate change, sea level rise, cyclones, salinity, pollution, deforestation, and poaching.
The Tectonic Features and Their Impacts
The tectonic features are the landforms that result from the movement of the Earth’s crust, such as faults, folds, and volcanoes. Bangladesh is located on the Indian Plate, which is moving northeastward and colliding with the Eurasian Plate. This collision has created the Himalayas and other mountain ranges in the north and east of the country. It has also caused earthquakes, landslides, and subsidence in some parts of the country. Bangladesh is also located near the Burma Plate, which is moving northward and subducting under the Eurasian Plate. This subduction has created the Arakan Yoma and other hills in the southeast of the country. It has also caused volcanic activity, such as the Barren Island and the Narcondam Island in the Bay of Bengal.
The tectonic features have both positive and negative impacts on the country. On the positive side, they have contributed to the formation of the deltaic plain, the hilly region, and the coastal zone, which are the main landforms of the country. They have also provided natural resources, such as natural gas, coal, and limestone, which are valuable for the economy. On the negative side, they have caused natural hazards, such as earthquakes, landslides, and volcanoes, which can damage property and lives. They have also increased the vulnerability of the country to climate change, sea level rise, and flooding, which can affect the environment and the people.
Bangladesh’s landforms are a reflection of its physical geography, which is diverse and complex. They have shaped the country’s natural environment, human activities, and cultural identity. They have also posed many challenges and opportunities for the country’s development and sustainability. By learning more about them, we can appreciate their beauty and significance, and also understand their problems and solutions.
Health Care Centers of Bangladesh
Health care centers of Bangladesh are divided into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary12. Primary health care centers include community clinics, union health and family welfare centers, and upazila health complexes. Secondary health care centers include district hospitals, general hospitals, and medical college hospitals. Tertiary health care centers include specialized hospitals, institutes, and centers3.
According to the Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA), there were 255 public hospitals, 5,054 private hospitals and clinics, and 9,529 diagnostic centers under the registration of Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) as of the end of 20191. The private sector accounts for about 80% of the health care services in Bangladesh3.
Some of the challenges faced by the health care system of Bangladesh include inadequate infrastructure, shortage of skilled human resources, low quality of services, inequitable access, and high out-of-pocket expenditure3. The government has taken various initiatives to improve the health care system, such as expanding the network of community clinics, strengthening the referral system, introducing health insurance schemes, and promoting public-private partnerships3.
Some of the notable health care centers of Bangladesh include Bichmillah H Health Center in Sirajganj, which offers a range of services such as general medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, and dentistry4; Netraloy Eye Care Center in Bogura, which provides comprehensive eye care services such as cataract surgery, glaucoma treatment, and refractive error correction5; and Popular Diagnostic Centre in Kushtia, which is a leading diagnostic and medical service provider in Bangladesh with state-of-the-art equipment and qualified workforce6.
Health Ministry of Bangladesh: An Overview of Its Functions and Achievements
The Health Ministry of Bangladesh is the government agency responsible for the health and family welfare of the people of Bangladesh. It is one of the largest and most important ministries in the country, with a budget of over 260 billion taka (3.1 billion USD) and a workforce of over 200,000 health professionals and staff.1 The Health Ministry of Bangladesh has a vision to ensure universal health coverage, quality health services, and a healthy and productive population. In this article, we will explore the main functions and achievements of the Health Ministry of Bangladesh, such as:
Its organizational structure and divisions
Its policies and programs for health and family welfare
Its partnerships and collaborations with development partners and stakeholders
Its challenges and opportunities for the future
Organizational Structure and Divisions
The Health Ministry of Bangladesh is headed by the Minister of Health and Family Welfare, who is assisted by the State Minister of Health and Family Welfare and the Secretary of Health Services. The Health Ministry of Bangladesh has two main divisions: the Health Services Division and the Medical Education and Family Welfare Division. Each division has several wings, directorates, and institutions under its jurisdiction.2
The Health Services Division is responsible for the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the health services and public health programs in the country. It oversees the following directorates and institutions:2
Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), which is the main executive agency for the health sector and provides preventive, curative, and rehabilitative health services through a network of hospitals, clinics, and community health workers. It also manages the health information system, the disease surveillance system, the national immunization program, the national nutrition program, the national tuberculosis program, the national AIDS program, and other public health programs.3
Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA), which is the regulatory authority for the quality, safety, and efficacy of drugs, vaccines, and medical devices in the country. It also controls the import, export, manufacture, distribution, and sale of drugs and medical products.4
Directorate General of Nursing and Midwifery (DGNM), which is responsible for the education, training, registration, and regulation of nurses and midwives in the country. It also promotes the professional development and welfare of the nursing and midwifery workforce.5
Directorate General of Family Planning (DGFP), which is responsible for the implementation of the national family planning program, which aims to reduce the fertility rate, improve the maternal and child health, and enhance the reproductive health and rights of the people. It provides family planning services, counseling, and commodities through a network of family welfare centers, community clinics, and field workers.
National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), which is the apex institution for the research, training, and advocacy on population and reproductive health issues in the country. It conducts surveys, studies, and evaluations on various aspects of population and health, and provides training and capacity building for the health and family planning personnel.
National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), which is the leading institution for the education, research, and service on preventive and social medicine in the country. It offers postgraduate courses, short courses, and workshops on public health, epidemiology, biostatistics, health economics, health management, and other related disciplines. It also conducts research and provides consultancy and technical assistance on public health issues.
National Institute of Health (NIH), which is the premier institution for the research and development on health and biomedical sciences in the country. It conducts basic, applied, and clinical research on various diseases and health problems, and develops new technologies, tools, and interventions for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. It also provides reference and referral services, quality assurance, and biosafety for the health sector.
National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Centre (NILMRC), which is the national reference laboratory for the diagnosis and confirmation of various diseases and infections. It provides laboratory services, quality control, and standardization for the health sector. It also conducts research and training on laboratory medicine and technology.
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), which is the apex institution for the prevention, treatment, and research on cardiovascular diseases in the country. It provides comprehensive cardiac care, including surgery, intervention, and rehabilitation, for the patients. It also conducts research and training on cardiology and cardiovascular surgery.
National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital (NICRH), which is the apex institution for the prevention, treatment, and research on cancer in the country. It provides comprehensive cancer care, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and palliative care, for the patients. It also conducts research and training on oncology and cancer surgery.
National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology (NIKDU), which is the apex institution for the prevention, treatment, and research on kidney diseases and urology in the country. It provides comprehensive renal care, including dialysis, transplantation, and urology, for the patients. It also conducts research and training on nephrology and urology.
National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (NINH), which is the apex institution for the prevention, treatment, and research on neurological diseases and disorders in the country. It provides comprehensive neuro care, including surgery, intervention, and rehabilitation, for the patients. It also conducts research and training on neurology and neurosurgery.
National Institute of Ophthalmology and Hospital (NIOH), which is the apex institution for the prevention, treatment, and research on eye diseases and disorders in the country. It provides comprehensive eye care, including surgery, intervention, and rehabilitation, for the patients. It also conducts research and training on ophthalmology and eye surgery.
National Institute of ENT and Hospital (NIENT), which is the apex institution for the prevention, treatment, and research on ear, nose, and throat diseases and disorders in the country. It provides comprehensive ENT care, including surgery, intervention, and rehabilitation, for the patients. It also conducts research and training on otolaryngology and ENT surgery.
National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), which is the apex institution for the prevention, treatment, and research on trauma and orthopaedic injuries and disorders in the country. It provides comprehensive trauma and orthopaedic care, including surgery, intervention, and rehabilitation, for the patients. It also conducts research and training on traumatology and orthopaedic surgery.
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), which is the apex institution for the prevention, treatment, and research on mental health and psychiatric disorders in the country. It provides comprehensive mental health care, including psychiatry, psychology, and counseling, for the patients. It also conducts research and training on mental health and psychiatry.
National Institute of Chest Diseases and Hospital (NIDCH), which is the apex institution for the prevention, treatment, and research on chest diseases and respiratory disorders in the country. It provides comprehensive chest and respiratory care, including pulmonology, bronchoscopy, and thoracic surgery, for the patients. It also conducts research and training on chest diseases and respiratory medicine.
National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital (NIDCH), which is the apex institution for the prevention, treatment, and research on chest diseases and respiratory disorders in the country. It provides comprehensive chest and respiratory care, including pulmonology, bronchoscopy, and thoracic surgery, for the patients. It also conducts research and training on chest diseases and respiratory medicine.
The Medical Education and Family Welfare Division is responsible for the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the medical education and family welfare programs in the country. It oversees the following directorates and institutions:2
Directorate General of Medical Education (DGME), which is the regulatory and supervisory authority for the medical education sector in the country. It controls and coordinates the admission, curriculum, examination, and accreditation of the medical colleges, dental colleges, nursing colleges, and other health professional institutions. It also manages the postgraduate medical education, continuing medical education, and faculty development programs.
Directorate General of Family Planning (DGFP), which is the same as the one under the Health Services Division, as mentioned above. National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), which is the same as the one under the Health Services Division, as mentioned above.
Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons (BCPS), which is an autonomous institution for the postgraduate medical education and training in the country. It offers various fellowship and membership courses in different specialties and subspecialties of medicine and surgery. It also conducts examinations and awards degrees and diplomas to the successful candidates.
Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council (BMDC), which is an autonomous statutory body for the registration and regulation of the medical and dental practitioners in the country. It maintains the registers of the qualified doctors and dentists, and enforces the code of ethics and professional conduct for them. It also deals with the complaints and disciplinary actions against the registered practitioners. Bangladesh Nursing and Midwifery Council (BNMC), which is an autonomous statutory body for the registration and regulation of the nurses and midwives in the country.
What are some of the challenges that the Health Ministry faces?
The Health Ministry of Bangladesh faces many challenges in providing quality health care and achieving universal health coverage for its population. Some of the main challenges are:
Low public spending on health: Bangladesh has one of the lowest public health expenditures in the world, at only 0.9% of its GDP in 2020.1 this is far below the recommended level of 5% of GDP by the World Health Organization (WHO).2 As a result, the health sector suffers from inadequate infrastructure, equipment, supplies, and human resources. The low public spending also forces many people to pay out-of-pocket for health services, which can lead to impoverishment and inequity.3
Shortage and maldistribution of health workforce: Bangladesh has a severe shortage and maldistribution of health workforce, especially in rural and remote areas. According to the WHO, Bangladesh has only 5.1 physicians, 2.1 nurses, and 1.4 midwives per 10,000 population, which is far below the minimum threshold of 22.8 health workers per 10,000 population needed to deliver essential health services.4
Moreover, most of the health workers are concentrated in urban areas, leaving the rural areas underserved and under-resourced.5
Weak primary health care system: Bangladesh has a weak primary health care system, which is supposed to be the first point of contact and the backbone of the health system. The primary health care system suffers from poor quality, low coverage, and lack of coordination and integration. The primary health care facilities, such as community clinics and union health and family welfare centers, are often understaffed, under-equipped, and under-utilized. The primary health care services, such as maternal and child health, family planning, immunization, and nutrition, are often fragmented and duplicated by different programs and providers. The primary health care system also lacks effective referral and feedback mechanisms with the secondary and tertiary levels of care.
Emerging and re-emerging diseases and disasters: Bangladesh is vulnerable to emerging and re-emerging diseases and disasters, such as COVID-19, dengue, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS, as well as floods, cyclones, droughts, and earthquakes. These diseases and disasters pose a serious threat to the health and well-being of the people, as well as the health system’s capacity and resilience. The health system faces challenges in preventing, detecting, and responding to these diseases and disasters, due to limited surveillance, laboratory, and emergency preparedness and response capabilities.
These are some of the major challenges that the Health Ministry of Bangladesh faces in its efforts to improve the health status and outcomes of its population. To overcome these challenges, the Health Ministry needs to increase its public spending on health, strengthen its health workforce, improve its primary health care system, and enhance its disease and disaster management capacities. It also needs to collaborate and coordinate with other sectors, development partners, and stakeholders, to address the social, economic, and environmental determinants of health.
What is the government doing to address these challenges?
The government of Bangladesh is taking various actions to address the health challenges in the country. Some of the actions are:
Increasing public spending on health and mobilizing more domestic resources for health, as recommended by the WHO.1 The government has allocated 260 billion taka (3.1 billion USD) for the health sector in the fiscal year 2020-2021, which is an increase of 13.6% from the previous year.2
Strengthening the stewardship and governance of the health system, ensuring accountability and transparency, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of health service delivery, and ensuring quality and safety. The government has developed the Health Population Nutrition Sector Programme (HPNSP) 2017–2022, which is a comprehensive and integrated plan for the health sector, with a vision to achieve universal health coverage by 2030.3 the government has also established the Health Care Quality Improvement Directorate (HCQID) to monitor and improve the quality of health services in the country.4
Implementing various policies and programs for health and family welfare, such as the national immunization program, the national nutrition program, the national tuberculosis program, the national AIDS program, and the national family planning program. The government has also launched the Health and Gender Support Project (HGSP) with the support of the World Bank, which aims to address the health gaps in the Rohingya refugees and the host communities in Cox’s Bazar.
Partnering and collaborating with development partners and stakeholders, such as the UN agencies, the civil society, the private sector, and the academic institutions, to leverage their expertise, resources, and networks for the health sector. The government has also participated in various regional and global initiatives and platforms, such as the South-East Asia Regional Health Emergency Fund (SEARHEF), the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), and the COVAX Facility, to enhance its preparedness and response capacities for health emergencies.
These are some of the actions that the government of Bangladesh is taking to address the health challenges in the country. However, there are still many gaps and barriers that need to be overcome, such as the low public awareness, the social and cultural norms, the weak coordination and integration, and the external shocks and risks. The government needs to continue its efforts and innovations, with the support and collaboration of all the stakeholders, to achieve its health goals and vision.
What is the role of NGOs in Bangladesh's health sector?
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in the health sector of Bangladesh, especially in providing health services to the poor and marginalized groups, as well as in advocating for health rights and policies. NGOs in Bangladesh offer a range of health services, such as:
Microcredit programs, which provide small loans to the poor, especially women, to start income-generating activities and improve their health and nutrition status.1
Nonformal education, which provides literacy, numeracy, and skill development to the illiterate and out-of-school population, and also raises awareness on health issues, such as family planning, maternal and child health, HIV/AIDS, and hygiene.1
Primary healthcare, which provides basic and essential health services, such as immunization, antenatal care, delivery care, family planning, nutrition, and treatment of common diseases, through a network of community health workers, clinics, and hospitals.2
Advocacy, research, and awareness raising, which aim to influence the health policies and practices of the government and other stakeholders, and to increase the health-seeking behavior and empowerment of the people, especially on issues such as reproductive health, gender equality, environmental health, and human rights.3
NGOs in Bangladesh have made significant contributions to the health sector, such as:
Reducing the fertility rate from 6.3 children per woman in 1975 to 2.0 in 2019, and increasing the contraceptive prevalence rate from 8% in 1975 to 62% in 2019, through the implementation of the national family planning program, which is largely supported by NGOs.
Reducing the maternal mortality ratio from 574 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 173 in 2019, and increasing the skilled birth attendance from 5% in 1990 to 42% in 2019, through the provision of maternal and neonatal health services, such as antenatal care, safe delivery, emergency obstetric care, and postnatal care, by NGOs.
Reducing the under-five mortality rate from 144 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 32 in 2019, and increasing the immunization coverage from 54% in 1990 to 97% in 2019, through the implementation of the national immunization program, which is also largely supported by NGOs.
Improving the nutritional status of the population, especially children and women, through the provision of food supplements, micronutrient fortification, growth monitoring, and nutrition education, by NGOs.
Controlling and preventing various communicable and non-communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and hypertension, through the provision of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention services, as well as research and advocacy, by NGOs.
However, NGOs in Bangladesh also face some challenges and limitations in the health sector, such as:
Declining funds and donor dependency, which affect the sustainability and scalability of the NGO programs and activities, and also create competition and duplication among NGOs.
Government restrictions and regulations, which limit the autonomy and accountability of the NGOs, and also create barriers and conflicts in the collaboration and coordination with the government and other stakeholders.
Quality and equity issues, which raise concerns about the effectiveness and efficiency of the NGO health services, and also about the access and affordability of the poor and marginalized groups.
Therefore, NGOs in Bangladesh need to overcome these challenges and enhance their role in the health sector, by:
Diversifying their sources of funding and reducing their donor dependency, such as by generating income from social enterprises, fees, and investments, and by mobilizing local resources and community participation. Improving their governance and management, such as by ensuring transparency and accountability, enhancing capacity and professionalism, and adopting best practices and standards. Strengthening their partnership and collaboration with the government and other stakeholders, such as by aligning their goals and strategies, sharing their information and resources, and participating in joint planning and monitoring.
Innovating and adapting their programs and activities, such as by using new technologies, methods, and approaches, and by responding to the changing needs and demands of the population and the environment. NGOs in Bangladesh have a vital role in the health sector, and they have made significant achievements in improving the health status and outcomes of the population. However, they also face some challenges and limitations, and they need to overcome them and enhance their role, by diversifying their funding, improving their governance, strengthening their partnership, and innovating their programs.
What are some of the most successful NGOs in Bangladesh?
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in the health sector of Bangladesh, especially in providing health services to the poor and marginalized groups, as well as in advocating for health rights and policies. Some of the most successful NGOs in Bangladesh are:
BRAC
BRAC: BRAC is one of the largest and most influential NGOs in the world, founded in 1972 by Sir Fazle Hasan Abed. BRAC has a wide range of programs and activities in various sectors, such as education, health, microfinance, agriculture, gender, and human rights. BRAC has improved the lives of millions of people in Bangladesh and other countries, by reducing poverty, enhancing education, empowering women, and promoting social justice.1
Grameen Bank
Grameen Bank: Grameen Bank is a pioneer of microfinance and social business, founded in 1983 by Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus. Grameen Bank provides small loans to the poor, especially women, without any collateral, to help them start their own businesses and improve their income and living standards. Grameen Bank has also launched several social enterprises, such as Grameen Phone, Grameen Shakti, and Grameen Danone, to address various social and environmental problems.2
ASA: ASA is a leading microfinance institution and NGO in Bangladesh, founded in 1978 by Md. Shafiqual Haque Choudhury. ASA provides credit and savings services to the poor, with a focus on rural development and poverty alleviation. ASA has also expanded its activities to include health, education, sanitation, and disaster relief. ASA has been recognized as one of the most efficient and effective microfinance organizations in the world.3
CARE Bangladesh
CARE Bangladesh: CARE Bangladesh is a branch of the global humanitarian organization CARE International, established in 1949 in Bangladesh. CARE Bangladesh works in various sectors, such as health, education, livelihood, gender, and emergency response, to improve the lives of the poor and vulnerable people in Bangladesh. CARE Bangladesh has implemented several innovative and impactful projects, such as the Rural Maintenance Program, the Strengthening Household Ability to Respond to Development Opportunities (SHOUHARDO) Program, and the Enhancing Mobile Internet Transparency (EMIT) Project.4
Friendship: Friendship is a humanitarian and development organization, founded in 2002 by Runa Khan and Yves Marre. Friendship works in remote and hard-to-reach areas of Bangladesh, such as the river islands (chars) and the coastal belt, to provide essential services and opportunities to the marginalized communities. Friendship operates floating hospitals, schools, and libraries, as well as land-based clinics, training centers, and solar power stations. Friendship also works in the areas of disaster management, climate change adaptation, cultural preservation, and social justice.5
These are some of the most successful NGOs in Bangladesh, based on their impactful work in various sectors such as health, education, microfinance, and human rights. They have made significant contributions to the development and well-being of the people of Bangladesh, as well as inspired many other NGOs and social movements around the world.
What are some of the challenges that NGOs face in Bangladesh?
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in the health sector of Bangladesh, especially in providing health services to the poor and marginalized groups, as well as in advocating for health rights and policies. However, NGOs also face some challenges and limitations in the health sector, such as:
Low public spending on health and donor dependency, which affect the sustainability and scalability of the NGO programs and activities, and also create competition and duplication among NGOs.12
Government restrictions and regulations, which limit the autonomy and accountability of the NGOs, and also create barriers and conflicts in the collaboration and coordination with the government and other stakeholders.23
Quality and equity issues, which raise concerns about the effectiveness and efficiency of the NGO health services, and also about the access and affordability of the poor and marginalized groups.24
Emerging and re-emerging diseases and disasters, such as COVID-19, dengue, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS, as well as floods, cyclones, droughts, and earthquakes, which pose a serious threat to the health and well-being of the people, as well as the health system’s capacity and resilience.25
These are some of the major challenges that NGOs face in the health sector of Bangladesh. To overcome these challenges, NGOs need to diversify their sources of funding, improve their governance and management, strengthen their partnership and collaboration with the government and other stakeholders, and innovate and adapt their programs and activities.
What is the role of NGOs in Bangladesh's health sector?
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in the health sector of Bangladesh, especially in providing health services to the poor and marginalized groups, as well as in advocating for health rights and policies. NGOs in Bangladesh offer a range of health services, such as:
Microcredit programs, which provide small loans to the poor, especially women, to start income-generating activities and improve their health and nutrition status.1
Nonformal education, which provides literacy, numeracy, and skill development to the illiterate and out-of-school population, and also raises awareness on health issues, such as family planning, maternal and child health, HIV/AIDS, and hygiene.1
Primary healthcare, which provides basic and essential health services, such as immunization, antenatal care, delivery care, family planning, nutrition, and treatment of common diseases, through a network of community health workers, clinics, and hospitals.2
Advocacy, research, and awareness raising, which aim to influence the health policies and practices of the government and other stakeholders, and to increase the health-seeking behavior and empowerment of the people, especially on issues such as reproductive health, gender equality, environmental health, and human rights.3
NGOs in Bangladesh have made significant contributions to the health sector, such as:
Reducing the fertility rate from 6.3 children per woman in 1975 to 2.0 in 2019, and increasing the contraceptive prevalence rate from 8% in 1975 to 62% in 2019, through the implementation of the national family planning program, which is largely supported by NGOs.
Reducing the maternal mortality ratio from 574 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 173 in 2019, and increasing the skilled birth attendance from 5% in 1990 to 42% in 2019, through the provision of maternal and neonatal health services, such as antenatal care, safe delivery, emergency obstetric care, and postnatal care, by NGOs.
Reducing the under-five mortality rate from 144 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 32 in 2019, and increasing the immunization coverage from 54% in 1990 to 97% in 2019, through the implementation of the national immunization program, which is also largely supported by NGOs.
Improving the nutritional status of the population, especially children and women, through the provision of food supplements, micronutrient fortification, growth monitoring, and nutrition education, by NGOs.
Controlling and preventing various communicable and non-communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and hypertension, through the provision of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention services, as well as research and advocacy, by NGOs.
However, NGOs in Bangladesh also face some challenges and limitations in the health sector, such as:
Declining funds and donor dependency, which affect the sustainability and scalability of the NGO programs and activities, and also create competition and duplication among NGOs.12
Government restrictions and regulations, which limit the autonomy and accountability of the NGOs, and also create barriers and conflicts in the collaboration and coordination with the government and other stakeholders.2
Quality and equity issues, which raise concerns about the effectiveness and efficiency of the NGO health services, and also about the access and affordability of the poor and marginalized groups.2
Emerging and re-emerging diseases and disasters, such as COVID-19, dengue, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS, as well as floods, cyclones, droughts, and earthquakes, which pose a serious threat to the health and well-being of the people, as well as the health system’s capacity and resilience.2
To overcome these challenges, NGOs need to diversify their sources of funding, improve their governance and management, strengthen their partnership and collaboration with the government and other stakeholders, and innovate and adapt their programs and activities.
Bangladesh's birth and death rate:
Bangladesh is a densely populated country in South Asia, with a population of about 167 million people in 2020.1.
The birth rate of Bangladesh has declined significantly over the years, from 47.6 births per 1000 people in 1970 to 17.8 births per 1000 people in 2021.2. This is due to factors such as improved access to family planning, education, health care, and economic opportunities for women3.
The death rate of Bangladesh has also decreased over the years, from 25.4 deaths per 1000 people in 1970 to 5.5 deaths per 1000 people in 2021.2. This is due to factors such as reduced infant and child mortality, improved sanitation, immunization, and nutrition, and increased life expectancy4.
The infant mortality rate of Bangladesh has dropped from 224.1 deaths per 1000 live births in 1970 to 20.8 deaths per 1000 live births in 2020.5. This is a remarkable achievement, as Bangladesh has one of the lowest infant mortality rates among the low and middle income countries6.
The life expectancy of Bangladesh has increased from 46.2 years in 1970 to 72.6 years in 2020.2. This is higher than the average life expectancy of South Asia, which is 69.4 years7.
Official Birth and Death Registration Website of Bangladesh:
Birth and death are two of the most important events in a person’s life. They mark the beginning and the end of one’s existence, and they have legal, social, and personal implications. That is why it is essential to register these events and obtain official certificates that prove one’s identity and status.
The official birth and death registration website of Bangladesh is designed to make the registration process easier, faster, and more convenient for the citizens and residents. It also helps the authorities to maintain accurate and up-to-date records of the population and to monitor the vital statistics and trends. To use the official birth and death registration website of Bangladesh, you need to have access to the internet. You may also need to provide some personal information and documents, such as your name, date of birth, place of birth, parents’ names, identity card, passport, or other proof of identity. You may also need to pay a fee for the service, depending on the type and number of certificates you request.
The official birth and death registration website of Bangladesh is a valuable resource for anyone who needs to register a birth or a death, or to obtain a certificate for any purpose. By using the official birth and death registration website, you can ensure that your rights and obligations are respected, and that your identity and status are recognized and protected.
Depending on your location, the official birth and death registration website of Bangladesh may have different names, features, and requirements.
Population of Bangladesh: Facts, Trends, and Challenges
Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with almost 2.2% of the global population living in a land area of about 130,000 square kilometers. As of 2024, the estimated population of Bangladesh is 174.7 million, making it the eighth-most populous country in the world1
The population of Bangladesh has grown rapidly in the past decades, from about 50 million in 1960 to over 167 million in 20201 this growth is mainly driven by high fertility rates, declining mortality rates, and increased life expectancy. The average number of children per woman in Bangladesh is 2.3, which is above the replacement level of 2.1. The infant mortality rate has dropped from 144 per 1,000 live births in 1960 to 25 per 1,000 live births in 20202 the life expectancy at birth has increased from 46 years in 1960 to 73 years in 2023.
The population of Bangladesh is largely homogeneous, with 99% of the people belonging to the Bengali ethno-linguistic group3 the majority of the population is Muslim (91%), followed by Hindu (8%), Buddhist (0.6%), and Christian (0.3%) 3 the official language is Bengali, which is spoken by almost all the people. There are also some regional dialects and minority languages, such as Chakma, Tripuri, Marma, and Manipuri3
The population of Bangladesh is unevenly distributed across the country, with the highest concentration in the urban areas and the coastal regions. The capital city, Dhaka, is the largest and most populous city in the country, with over 21 million inhabitants 3 other major cities include Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Sylhet. The urban population accounts for about 41% of the total population, and is expected to increase to 50% by 20303
The population of Bangladesh faces many challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. Some of the challenges include:
Poverty and inequality: Despite the impressive economic growth and social development in recent years, Bangladesh still remains one of the poorest and most unequal countries in the world. About 24% of the population lives below the national poverty line, and 12% lives in extreme poverty3 The income inequality is also high, with the richest 10% of the population earning 26% of the total income, while the poorest 10% earning only 4%3
Environmental degradation and climate change: Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to the impacts of environmental degradation and climate change, such as floods, cyclones, droughts, salinity intrusion, soil erosion, and water scarcity. These phenomena threaten the lives and livelihoods of millions of people, especially the poor and marginalized groups. Bangladesh is also one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, with an average of 16 natural disasters per year3
Population pressure and resource scarcity: The rapid population growth and urbanization put immense pressure on the limited natural resources and public services in Bangladesh. The country faces challenges in providing adequate food, water, energy, health, education, and employment opportunities for its growing population. The population density in Bangladesh is about 1,329 people per square kilometer, which is one of the highest in the world1 the demand for land, housing, and infrastructure is also increasing, leading to environmental degradation and social conflicts.
Gender discrimination and human rights violations: Bangladesh has made significant progress in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment in the past decades, but still faces many challenges in this regard. Women and girls in Bangladesh suffer from various forms of discrimination and violence, such as child marriage, domestic abuse, sexual harassment, trafficking, and dowry. The literacy rate for women is 74%, compared to 82% for men3 The labor force participation rate for women is 36%, compared to 82% for men3 The political representation of women is also low, with only 21% of the seats in the parliament held by women3 Moreover, Bangladesh has a history of human rights violations, such as extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, torture, and arbitrary arrests3
Some of the opportunities include:
Economic growth and social development: Bangladesh has achieved remarkable economic growth and social development in the past decades, and has been classified as a lower-middle income country by the World Bank3 The gross domestic product (GDP) of Bangladesh has grown at an average rate of 6.5% per year since 2010, reaching $352 billion in 20203 The GDP per capita has increased from $1,186 in 2010 to $2,093 in 20203 The poverty rate has declined from 31% in 2010 to 24% in 20203 The human development index (HDI) of Bangladesh has improved from 0.545 in 2010 to 0.632 in 2019, ranking 133rd out of 189 countries3
Demographic dividend and youth potential: Bangladesh has a large and young population, which can be a source of demographic dividend and human capital for the country. About 27% of the population is under 15 years old, and 67% is between 15 and 64 years old. The median age in Bangladesh is 27 years, which is lower than the global average of 30 years. The youth population (15-24 years old) is about 35 million, accounting for 21% of the total population3 These young people have the potential to contribute to the economic and social development of the country, if they are provided with adequate education, health, skills, and opportunities.
Regional cooperation and integration: Bangladesh is strategically located in South Asia, and shares borders with India, Myanmar, and Nepal. It is also a member of various regional and international organizations, such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and the United Nations (UN). Bangladesh can benefit from the regional cooperation and integration in terms of trade, investment, connectivity, security, and cultural exchange. Bangladesh can also play a constructive role in promoting peace and stability in the region and beyond.
In conclusion, Bangladesh is a populous and diverse country, with many challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. The population of Bangladesh is expected to reach 202 million by 2050, and then decline to 186 million by 21001 The population dynamics and trends will have significant implications for the economic and social development, as well as the environmental sustainability of the country. Bangladesh needs to adopt effective policies and strategies to harness the potential of its population, and to address the emerging issues and challenges. Bangladesh also needs to cooperate and collaborate with its regional and international partners, to achieve its vision of becoming a prosperous and developed country by 20413
Official National ID Registration Website of Bangladesh:
A national ID card is a document that proves one’s identity and citizenship in Bangladesh. It is issued by the Election Commission of Bangladesh, and it is required for various purposes, such as voting, opening a bank account, obtaining a passport, driving license, SIM card, and other public services1
But how can you apply for a national ID card in Bangladesh? Where can you find the information and services you need to register, verify, or correct your national ID card? The answer is simple: on the official national ID registration website of Bangladesh.
The official national ID registration website of Bangladesh is the online platform that provides access to the national ID system of the country. It allows you to:
Apply for a new national ID card online, if you do not have one already. Claim your online account, if you already have a national ID card, but not an online account. Check the status of your application and track its progress. Verify the authenticity and validity of a national ID card issued by the authorities. Request a correction or an amendment of a national ID record in case of errors or changes. Download a copy of your national ID card from the website, if you have lost or damaged your physical card.
Access the historical and statistical data on national ID cards in Bangladesh.
The official national ID registration website of Bangladesh is designed to make the registration process easier, faster, and more convenient for the citizens and residents. It also helps the authorities to maintain accurate and up-to-date records of the population and to prevent fraud and identity theft.
https://services.nidw.gov.bd/nid-pub/
Official passport application Website of Bangladesh:
The official passport application website of Bangladesh is e-Passport Online Registration Portal, where you can apply for a new or re-issue e-passport1.
To apply online, you need to fill up the application form, upload your photo and signature, and pay the fees through a bank or mobile banking service1.
You also need to visit the nearest e-Passport office for biometric enrolment, where your fingerprints, iris scan, and photograph will be captured1.
The e-Passport is a biometric passport that contains a microchip with your personal and biometric data, which enhances the security and authenticity of the passport1.
The e-Passport has a validity of 5 or 10 years, depending on the type and fee of the passport1.
The e-Passport project was launched in Bangladesh in 2019, with the technical and financial assistance of Germany1.
E Passport Online Registration Portal (epassport.gov.bd)
Official visa application Website of Bangladesh:
“How to Apply for a Bangladesh Visa Online: A Step-by-Step Guide”.
“Are you planning to visit Bangladesh for tourism, business, or any other purpose? If yes, then you need to apply for a Bangladesh visa online. In this article, we will show you how to do it in a few easy steps. Read on to find out more.”
“The official visa application website of Bangladesh is Bangladesh Online MRV Portal. Here, you can find the online visa application form and other necessary information for applying for a Bangladesh visa. “Applying for a Bangladesh visa online is easy and convenient. You just need to fill up the online visa application form, print it, and submit it to the nearest Bangladesh mission along with the required documents and fees. To start your visa application process, visit the Bangladesh Online MRV Portal today.”
Civil class discrimination of Bangladesh:
Civil class discrimination of Bangladesh is a complex and sensitive topic that requires careful research and analysis. According to the web search results, civil class discrimination in Bangladesh refers to the unequal treatment and marginalization of certain groups of people based on their caste, gender, economic status, ethnicity, or religion123. Some of the challenges faced by the discriminated groups include lack of access to education, health care, employment, justice, and political participation.
Religion in Bangladesh
Islam in Bangladesh
Original: Islam holds a significant place in Bangladesh, with the majority of the population being Sunni Muslims. Mosques, madrasas, and Islamic traditions play a crucial role in shaping the social fabric of the country. Bangladesh has produced influential Islamic scholars, contributing to the global Islamic discourse. Islam holds a significant place in Bangladesh, with the majority of the population being Sunni Muslims. Mosques, madrasas, and Islamic traditions play a crucial role in shaping the social fabric of the country. Bangladesh has produced influential Islamic scholars, contributing to the global Islamic discourse.
Hinduism and Buddhism
Hinduism and Buddhism have deep historical roots in Bangladesh. The article delves into the temples, festivals, and cultural expressions of the Hindu and Buddhist communities. It highlights the coexistence and mutual respect among followers of different faiths.
Religious Festivals and Celebrations
Bangladesh is known for its colorful religious festivals, including Eid-ul-Fitr, Durga Puja, and Buddha Purnima. The article explores how these celebrations bring communities together, fostering a sense of unity and shared cultural heritage.
Depending on your location, the official national ID registration website of Bangladesh may have different names, features, and requirements. For example, in Dhaka South City Corporation, the website is called BDRIS - Birth and Death Registration (DSCC), and it offers various services such as online application, verification, fee payment, and grievance redressal. In Dhaka North City Corporation, the website is called Birth-Certificate - Dhaka North City Corporation-, and it provides information on how to apply for a national ID card, how to contact the call center, and how to research your family tree.
To use the official national ID registration website of Bangladesh, you need to have access to the internet and a valid email address. You may also need to provide some personal information and documents, such as your name, date of birth, place of birth, parents’ names, identity card, passport, or other proof of identity. You may also need to pay a fee for the service, depending on the type and number of national ID cards you request.
The official national ID registration website of Bangladesh is a valuable resource for anyone who needs to apply for, verify, or correct a national ID card, or to obtain a copy of it for any purpose. It is also a useful tool for genealogists, historians, researchers, and anyone who is interested in the demographic and social aspects of Bangladesh. By using the official national ID registration website, you can ensure that your rights and obligations are respected, and that your identity and citizenship are recognized and protected.
Division District Upazila Union List of Bangladesh:
How many divisions in Bangladesh?
There are 10 Division In Bangladesh.
There were a total 8 divisions in Bangladesh: Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet, Mymensingh, Khulna, Dhaka, Chattogram and Barishal.
Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina is currently breaking up these 8 divisions and arranging 2 new divisions with the aim of equalizing the divisions of Bangladesh. The two new categories are: Padma and Meghna.
Click on the division, district,
upazila and union of your choice to see the list of hospitals and details of
that area:
List of all Divisions, Districts, Upazilas and Unions of Bangladesh:
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